Melatonin is widely used to improve sleep, especially for those who struggle with insomnia or jet lag. However, many people wonder, “Is Melatonin bad for you?”
Understanding Melatonin and Its Effects
Natural Hormone: Melatonin is a hormone naturally produced by your body to regulate the sleep-wake cycle. Taking it in supplement form can help you fall asleep faster and maintain better sleep quality.
Safe for Short-Term Use: Research shows that melatonin is safe for short-term use. Most people tolerate it well, with few side effects such as dizziness or daytime drowsiness if taken incorrectly.
Consult a Doctor for Long-Term Use: If you plan to use melatonin supplements regularly, consult a healthcare provider to ensure it's the right choice for you, especially if you're using other medications.
At Keynovo, we offer high-quality Melatonin raw material for use in supplements and pharmaceutical products. We also provide private label and OEM customization, allowing you to create tailored melatonin products for your customers.
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Ashwagandha has become a popular supplement due to its stress-relieving and energy-boosting properties. If you're new to using Ashwagandha capsules, it's important to know how to take them effectively to maximize their benefits.
How to Take Ashwagandha Capsules: A Simple Guide
Follow Recommended Dosage: Typically, the standard dosage of Ashwagandha is between 300 to 500 mg per day. For best results, follow the dosage recommendations on your product packaging or consult a healthcare professional.
Take with Food: Ashwagandha capsules are best taken with meals to help with absorption and to avoid any potential stomach discomfort.
Consistency is Key: Ashwagandha works best when taken consistently over time. Include it as part of your daily routine to experience long-term benefits, such as improved sleep and stress relief.
At Keynovo, we provide premium Ashwagandha raw material and offer OEM customization for your capsules and tablets. Whether you're in the market for bulk raw materials or looking to create a private label product, we are your trusted partner for high-quality supplements.
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What Is Paper Bowl? - Definition
A paper bowl is a disposable round paper food bowl made out of paper and lined or coated with plastic film (PE or PP), Bioplastic film (PLA) or biodegradable water-based barrier coating (Aqueous coating) to prevent the liquid of food from leaking out or soaking through the paper.
And it is widely used for takeaway food services instead of some types of plastic take out containers.
Generally, the disposable paper bowl is used with its matching lid. Different kinds of covers would be used depending on the food you want to serve.
Additionally, the Custom logo can be printed on one side, both sides of the bowl or all over the body of the paper bowl.
Types of Paper Bowl
Paper salad bowl is popularly seen in the restaurant to serve poke food, mixed salad, and rice food.
What we call paper poke bowl is the same as paper salad bowl. The smallest size is a paper bowl of 500ml. It is eco-friendly disposable paper bowl packaging.
Disposable paper soup bowls with lids are the best disposable bowls for hot soup and other forms of hot food.
The soup bowls are a good option for the party. With double pe film coating, the soup cup can be used as an ice cream cup.
Biodegradable paper bowl (PLA coating or Aqueous coating)
Our compostable paper bowl is made from paper with PLA liner or water-based barrier coating.It is perfect for food service and catering.
They are the popular biodegradable alternative to disposable plastic takeaway containers.
Instant noodle paper bowl
An instant noodle paper bowl is designed to serve hot noodles and hot insulated. It can be designed as a double wallpaper structure like a paper cup. It is widely used for instant ramen. So it is called a paper ramen bowl.
Ice cream paper bowl
The ice cream paper bowl is called Paper Ice Cream Cups. It is a single-use ice cream bowl.
Made from paper with double pe lined, it is excellent for ice cream, yoghurt, dessert and other ice food. You can customize your logo on the bowl as well.
What is the Types of Paper Material?
What paper types of disposable bowls are suitable for your business? Are you picking up the best paper bowl packaging? Review the paper material guide in following
Kraft paper:
Kraft paper bowl with lids is most commonly seen in restaurants. It is original and natural kraft looking. Due to its brown color, it is also called a brown kraft paper bowl.
The kraft paper is suitable for a simple logo and color printing.
Black and red color will have the best printing effect on the kraft paper background. The light color and white color are not suggested to be printed on the kraft paper.
White paper:
White paper bowl is very suitable for custom logo printing. It can perfect show your brand image on the bowl.
It can hold full-color printing all over the body of the paper bowl. If you want to store cold food in the freezer, a white paper bowl with a double pe lining is your best choice.
Bamboo Paper:
Bamboo paper is new paper material which is Antibacterial and more durable than kraft and white paper.
The bamboo paper bowl is heat-resistant and moisture-proof, some as kraft and white paper.
As bamboo paper is more sustainable than wood paper, many customers would love to print green marks on the bamboo paper bowl. It can promote their brand consciousness in their end-user.
What is Types of Paper Coating
As we mentioned before, the coating creates a waterproof layer on the paper bowl. It can help the paper container to hold liquid and food without leaking.
It is a necessary part of the paper bowl. How to choose the paper coating? Here is advice
Single Pe coating paper
Single pe coating is most widely used in paper food packaging. It can hold almost every type of food in a paper container except cold ice food.
But the pe is made from plastic. So, it can’t be biodegradable.
PE liner can stand up to 100 Celsius degrees, which is perfect for hot food service and beverages.
By the way, the pe coating can’t be microwaved. You can’t put the pe coating paper product in the microwave for more than 3 minutes.
Double pe coating paper
Double pe coating is suitable for cold ice foodservice like acai and seafood.
The double pe coating will keep the paper container solid without being soft when it is contacting with low-temperature food.
Due to double pe coating, the paper bowl will be stronger and more durable than a single pe coating.
PLA coating paper
PLA coating (Bio-plastic) is a biodegradable coating for the paper bowl. It is eco-friendly and compostable compared to pe lining.
As a popular alternative to pe coating, now it is widely used in paper cups and paper soup bowls.
But PLA lining paper cost is much high than pe lining paper. So, the average price of a PLA coating paper bowl is much higher than a Pe coating paper bowl.
Water-based barrier coating
Water-based barrier coating paper is called plastic-free paper. It is 100% biodegradable and can be decomposed in the home. It can break down in nature within 180 days.
It is the newest solution to plastic waste. Its waterproof is as good as pe lining.
It can support cold food as well as pe coating paper when the paper bowl is double-coated with a water-based barrier coating.
How to Cleverly Use Paper Sticks to Enhance Your Quality of Life
As environmental awareness grows, paper stirring sticks have emerged as a new favorite for their multifunctionality and eco-friendly characteristics. Whether in home use or commercial applications, these versatile tools can bring unexpected convenience and creativity. Today, let’s explore how to cleverly use paper sticks to enhance your quality of life.
1. An Ideal Choice for Stirring Beverages
Paper sticks are perfect for stirring drinks. Whether it’s coffee, tea, or juice, they mix beverages quickly without affecting their taste. They are ideal for single-use, helping you maintain the purity of your drinks.
2. A Great Tool for Creative Crafts
For craft enthusiasts, these customized stirring sticks are a fantastic material. You can use them to create various art pieces, from simple decorations to complex models. Their versatility and ease of use make crafting more enjoyable and accessible, whether for DIY projects or family activities.
3. An Eco-Friendly Symbol in the Food Industry
In the food industry, paper sticks serve not only as stirring tools but also as a symbol of environmental responsibility. Using these eco-friendly paper lollipop sticks demonstrate your commitment to sustainability while enhancing your brand image. Customers will appreciate your focus on environmental protection, increasing their loyalty and adding a green touch to your business.
4. Creative Decorations and Party Supplies
They can also be used as creative elements for party decorations. For example, you can decorate these sticks into colorful stirrers or make party props, adding fun and vibrancy to events. Their versatility makes every occasion more lively and enjoyable.
5. Alternative Household Items
In daily life, these versatile sticks can serve as alternatives for small household items. For instance, they can be used as handles for cleaning tools or as support stakes for plants in gardening. Their multifunctionality makes household tasks more convenient and eco-friendly.
With their eco-friendly nature and wide range of uses, paper sticks are becoming indispensable in modern life. From stirring beverages to creative crafts, and from being an eco-friendly symbol in the food industry to enhancing party decorations, they offer practical and sustainable solutions. Let’s make the most of these versatile tools and take small steps toward a greener future.
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With the continuous improvement of environmental awareness, more and more companies are beginning to seek green and sustainable product alternatives. As a member of the environmentally friendly packaging industry, our company is committed to providing high-quality food-grade paper sticks, becoming the preferred choice of many brands. Our paper sticks are not only smooth in appearance and flat in cut, but also have extremely high hardness and various specifications, which can meet various application requirements.
We select imported food-grade kraft paper as the raw material of paper sticks to ensure that they are safe and non-toxic and meet international food safety standards. Our products have passed antibacterial tests, FDA certification and LFGB certification, making you feel more at ease when using them. At the same time, our paper sticks range in diameter from 1.5 mm to 6.5 mm and in length from 50 mm to 400 mm, which can be customized according to the specific needs of customers.
In modern brand promotion, personalized design can bring more value to the brand. We not only provide customized services for colored paper sticks, but also support various printing requirements such as barcodes, brand logos and patterns. Through these personalized customizations, your product packaging will be more recognizable and unique, helping to enhance the brand image.
Whether you are looking for a unique design or need mass production, we can provide you with comprehensive OEM and ODM services. From product design, customization to production, our team will support you throughout the process to ensure that the product meets your brand positioning and market needs.
Choosing our barcode paper sticks is not only choosing an environmentally friendly product, but also empowering your brand. We look forward to working with you to jointly promote a green and sustainable future.
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Astragalus is a plant that has been used in Chinese medicine for a very long time. The extract, which comes from its root, is known for helping people stay healthy. Here are some of the key ways it helps:
Boosting the Immune System
Astragalus Root Extract helps the body fight infections by making more white blood cells, which protect us from germs. This is especially useful during cold and flu seasons.
Reducing Inflammation
It has properties that help reduce swelling and pain in the body, which is helpful for people with conditions like heart disease or arthritis.
Powerful Antioxidants
High-quality Astragalus extract has antioxidants, which protect our cells from damage that can make us age faster or cause diseases.
Improving Heart Health
It may help lower blood pressure, improve blood flow, and reduce cholesterol, which is great for keeping your heart healthy.
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Fish oil capsules are a popular supplement that contains nutrients beneficial for our body. But what happens if we take them every day? Let’s find out how they can positively impact our health.
Heart Health: Fish oil is rich in Omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA), which help protect our heart.
Brain Function: Omega-3 fatty acids are also important for our brain. Daily fish oil capsules can improve our memory, help us think more clearly, and even boost our mood. Studies show they support brain development and might help prevent memory loss as we age.
Reduce Inflammation: Fish oil can also reduce inflammation in our body. Inflammation happens when our body reacts to things like injuries or diseases.
Healthier Skin and Hair: Fish oil is great for our skin and hair. It helps keep our skin hydrated, making it softer and less dry. For hair, it can reduce dandruff and make hair stronger and shinier.
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If you’ve ever taken a supplement designed to support healthy hair or nails, it’s likely that high doses of biotin were a main ingredient.
Biotin (vitamin B7) is an essential B vitamin that helps to break down the protein, fat, and carbohydrates in the foods we eat—but it’s most well known for its purported role in supporting hair and nail growth.
While there isn’t much solid evidence for the use of supplemental biotin in those without a deficiency, many people anecdotally report improvements in hair and nail health when taking them.
However, biotin supplements can vary widely in dosage. So, how much is too much, and conversely, how much do you need to take to see results? Let’s find out.
Biotin Dosage: How Much Biotin to Take
The Food and Nutrition Board has set either an RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowance) or AI (Adequate Intake) for vitamins and minerals.
The RDA is the average daily nutrient intake level needed to meet the requirements of 97-98% of healthy adults.
The AI is an intake level that is assumed to be nutritionally adequate for most people, but the available evidence is insufficient to develop an RDA.
The Food and Nutrition Board has not found sufficient data to set an RDA for biotin, which is why you’ll only see AIs for this nutrient.
While the AI for adults is 30 micrograms (mcg) per day, many supplements contain much more.
Unlike the fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K), biotin is a water-soluble vitamin, meaning it will be excreted once your body is replete with it.
Biotin Side Effects and Upper Level
There is no UL (Tolerable Upper Intake Level) for biotin, as toxicity or adverse effects from taking this vitamin have never been reported.
The UL is the maximum intake level of a nutrient that has been determined unlikely to pose a risk of adverse effects in humans. However, the key word is “unlikely”—upper intake levels cannot take into consideration every population and health condition.
Although toxicity is not reported from biotin, some people experience mild side effects like nausea and digestive issues, especially at high doses.
Plus, biotin megadoses are known to cause breakouts in acne-prone people—often doing the opposite of what a biotin-loaded skin health supplement claims. This may happen because biotin increases keratin production, and hyperkeratinization is critical to acne development.
Lastly, consuming more than the recommended daily amount—just 30mcg for adults—can cause false results in some laboratory tests, including hormone, thyroid, pregnancy, and vitamin D tests.
Do You Need to Take Biotin Supplements?
The average dietary biotin intake from food in Western populations is about 35–70 mcg per day, which is above the AI levels for biotin consumption.
As you can find biotin in many foods, including meat, fish, eggs, nuts, seeds, sweet potatoes, and beans, most people consume adequate amounts of biotin in their typical diet.
Therefore, biotin deficiency is rare in the United States—although it can cause thinning hair, skin infections, hair loss, brittle nails, skin rashes, fatigue, and nervous system disorders if it does occur.
If you don’t consume enough dietary biotin (or another B vitamin), taking a B complex supplement that contains biotin may benefit cellular function, energy levels, mood, and nerve health.
Like many other B complex vitamins, biotin is involved with gene regulation, cell signaling, and promoting the metabolism of fatty acids, glucose, and amino acids.
However, some people are more likely to become biotin deficient, including pregnant or lactating women and those with genetic mutations causing changes in biotin metabolism.
People who consume large quantities of raw egg whites can also experience biotin deficiency, as the whites contain a protein called avidin that binds tightly to the vitamin and prevents biotin absorption (cooking the egg white denatures avidin, so people who eat lots of cooked eggs don’t have to worry).
In cases of biotin deficiency, daily biotin supplementation is certainly recommended.
Biotin and Nail Strength
Most people do not need biotin supplementation unless biotin intake is low. Biotin supplementation may help promote nail strength or growth. However, this is supported by only a few case reports and small older studies.
For example, a small study from 1993 found that 63% (22 of 35) of participants showed clinical improvement in brittle nails when taking biotin for six months, although the dosage given is unknown.
Biotin and Hair Growth
Some evidence suggests that biotin stimulates keratin protein production and can increase the rate of follicle growth, which would be supportive for hair strength and growth.
In a 2017 review of 18 studies on biotin and hair or nails, people with biotin deficiency, brittle nails, or uncombable hair syndrome (yep, that’s a thing) saw benefits from taking biotin, while the healthy population did not.
Larger and more recent studies on biotin and nail strength have yet to be performed. It’s possible that taking biotin supplements may only benefit hair or nail growth if the person has a biotin deficiency.
Biotin and Pregnancy
Biotin is also essential during pregnancy, as it’s necessary for embryonic growth.
Over one-third of pregnant women can develop marginal biotin deficiency during pregnancy due to changes in biotin metabolism, so doses of 30mcg are recommended during this time.
Excess biotin (over 35 mcg/day) is not recommended during pregnancy or lactation, as it can be dangerous to the baby.
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In 1965, a lab technician from Hillel Pharmaceuticals, LLC, wiped his mouth without washing his hands while researching and developing gastric ulcer medication, and as a result, discovered methyl aspartyl phenylalanine, commonly known as aspartame, which is 200 times sweeter than sucrose, and which is often used in beverages due to its poor heat stability.
Later, people did something to aspartame to make it 7,000-13,000 times sweeter than sucrose, commonly known as neotame, which is currently the sweetest food additive....
1. Safety
Neotame is made from aspartame, and its properties are similar to aspartame in many ways. There has been a great deal of controversy about the side effects of aspartame, one of which has been identified as being that aspartame produces phenylalanine when metabolized in the body, making it unsuitable for intake by people with phenylketonuria and requiring special notation in the label. Because neotame is used in smaller quantities than aspartame, and because neotame molecules contain the 3,3-dimethylbutyl group, which almost completely blocks the function of the peptidase enzyme and thus reduces the formation of phenylalanine, neotame does not need to be specially labeled when it is added to food products. According to neotime's research report, Newt's Sweet is metabolized in the body and de-esterified to form de-esterified Newt's Sweet and trace amounts of methanol, which is quickly cleared from the plasma, and finally excreted completely from the feces and urine.
2. Application in food
①Application in all kinds of beverages
a. Carbonated beverages
Neotame can be used in cola-type carbonated beverages for 16 weeks, which is the same as the shelf life of low energy carbonated beverages sold in the market, and it can also be used in lemonade, root juice and other beverages.
b. Non-carbonated beverages
Neotame can be used in hot-filled lemon tea, solid powdered beverages, yogurt and other foods, and in these foods are very stable and good quality.
②Application in dairy products
Neotime can be used in dairy products, ice cream and other frozen desserts, when used in such products, when the end of the shelf life of such products, it was found that only 2% of the loss of neotime, which has no impact on the acceptability of the product, while other sweet wattle rarely reach this level, neotime is particularly suitable for the production of yogurt.
③Application in baked goods
Unlike aspartame, neotame can be stabilized under the condition of instantaneous high temperature, so it can be used in all kinds of baked foods such as cookies, cakes, chocolate cakes, etc. For example, in the production of cakes, after 4 hours, neotame can be stabilized under the condition of instantaneous high temperature. For example, in the production of cake, after baking at a high temperature of 450 ℃, 85% of the neotame still exists; and at 25 ℃, relative humidity of 60% of the place of storage for 5d, there is only 4% of the loss of neotame, in fact, even if the loss of 20% will not have an impact on the product.
④Application in chewing gum
Since the energy value of neotame is almost 0, and does not produce dental caries, it is suitable for the production of sugar-free chewing gum, which is not only suitable for diabetics, but also has no damaging effect on teeth. The stability of Nutella in chewing gum can be improved by microencapsulation, and the two-layer coating of modified starch and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose can keep it from degrading during 52 weeks of storage.
⑤ Applications in tabletop sweeteners
Because it is not hygroscopic and has low energy, it is very suitable for use as a tabletop sweetener. Studies have shown that it can be stored for at least 156 weeks when used as a tabletop sweetener.
⑥Application in Ice Cream
Ice cream made with Neotame has excellent solubility characteristics and structure, and its sweetness is pure without aftertaste. Unlike aspartame, neotame can be used with certain reducing sugars, such as glucose, fructose, lactose, etc.; it can also be used with aldehyde-based flavor substances, such as vanilla. It can also be used together with aldehyde-based flavor substances, such as vanilla, cinnamon, lemon and so on. Used in candy, cereal, jelly and other products, research shows that the application of Neotame in these foods have good characteristics.
3.How to improve solubility in water
Although neotame has many excellent properties, but its solubility in water is not high, and the dissolution rate is small, to a certain extent, limit the application of neotame in food production.
In general, 0.05 to 0.19 neotame takes 5 to 7 min (observed with the naked eye) to completely dissolve in 100 mL of water, 0.1 to 0.2 g of neotame takes 5 to 8 min (observed with the naked eye) to completely dissolve in 100 mL of water, and 1 g of neotame takes about 45 min to completely dissolve in 100 mL of water.
Since neotame is often used in aqueous solutions and beverages, improving the solubility and dissolution rate of neotame in water is of great significance for expanding the scope of neotame application in industry and increasing its economic value. The following introduces several methods to improve the solubility of neotame in water.
(1) Neotame and hydrochloric acid compound
Take a certain amount of neotame and add it into water, mix it thoroughly until it becomes slurry, then slowly add equal amount of hydrochloric acid into it, after about 10mins, all the solids will be dissolved, and then freeze-dry the clarified solution to get a white solid, with a yield of 99.7%.
Compared with the starting material, neotame, the product showed great water solubility, and it took only 70 s for 1 g of the product to completely dissolve in 100 mL of water.
(2) Neotame and phosphoric acid compound
Take a certain amount of neotame dissolved in water, stirring to make it a slurry, and then add equal moles of 85% phosphoric acid solution, after all the solids are dissolved, the solution will be freeze-dried, the resulting product is a white solid, the yield is 98%. The water solubility of the product has been greatly improved, 0.1g of the product in less than 30s can be completely melted in 100mL of water (visual observation).
(3) neotame and citric acid composite
A certain amount of neotame dissolved in acetone, slowly add equimolar citric acid aqueous solution, and then add the appropriate amount of acetone can form a clear colorless solution, the solution stirred for 1h, and then the acetone distillation under reduced pressure to remove the rest of the slurry can be obtained by freeze-drying the white solid. 0.1g of such a white solid in 90s dissolved in 100mL of water (observed with the naked eye).
(4）Neotame and sodium bicarbonate compound
Dissolve a certain amount of sodium bicarbonate in water, add equal moles of neotame, the obtained slurry liquid stirring for 24h can be clarified solution, freeze-drying to obtain a white solid that is the target product. 0.1g of white solid instantly can be completely dissolved in 100mL of water (naked eye observation).
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Although it’s best known for its role in bone health, vitamins do so much more, ranging from mood and muscle strength to cardiovascular health and cognition. In this article, we’ll explore the top evidence-based health benefits of vitamin D, including what happens if you don’t get enough of it.
9 Health Benefits of Vitamins
Although vitamins' classic function is its effects on the skeletal system, it also has anti-inflammatory and immune-regulating properties that can benefit our bones, muscles, brain, lungs, heart, gut, kidneys, and immune system.
Bone Health
Vitamins first became known for its bone-related benefits when it was discovered as a cure for rickets (while vitamin deficiency was found to be its cause).
The disease of rickets causes bowed legs and stunted growth because vitamins help your body absorb calcium, which induces proper bone mineralization.
In adults, insufficient vitamins can cause a loss of bone mineral density, bone fractures, osteomalacia (softening of bones), and eventual osteoporosis if untreated.
Research with postmenopausal women has found that each 10 ng/mL decrease in blood vitamins levels is linked to a 33% increased risk of hip fracture.
However, supplementation trials have not consistently shown beneficial effects from taking vitamin.
For example, a meta-analysis published in the Lancet combined data from 23 studies with over 4,000 people (primarily women). The researchers concluded that only six of the studies significantly and positively affected bone mineral density and only at the femoral neck (at the top of the thigh bone).
Researchers aren’t entirely sure why clinical trials don’t always produce benefits of taking vitamins. Some theories are inadequate supplement doses, not enough people in the studies being low in vitamins, studies being too short, or people having poor absorption of the vitamin D supplement.
Muscle Strength
Vitamin D affects muscle health, as specific vitamins receptors have been found in skeletal muscle tissue, and vitamins deficiencie are linked to an increased risk of sarcopenia (muscle wasting) with age.
In a meta-analysis of eight randomized controlled trials, vitamins supplement in doses of 700-1,000 IU per day reduced the risk of falling among older adults by 19%, which is largely based on muscle strength. Lower doses (200-600 IUs) did not produce any benefit.
Adults who achieved healthy blood vitamins levels (60 nmol/L or more) also had a 23% reduced risk of falls. While falling doesn’t sound so bad when you’re young, older adults who fall may never fully recover, increasing the risk of fractures, immobility, loss of independence, and even mortality.
Plus, a systematic review of 30 studies concluded that vitamins supplementation significantly increased muscle strength (but not muscle mass or power), especially in people with low vitamin D levels to begin with and those over the age of 65.However, like with bone strength, not all studies have found that vitamins improve muscle health—in fact, some research even shows a negative effect.
Mental Health
Sunshine or light therapy has been used to treat depression or mood disorders for centuries, which is likely due, in part, to increased vitamins'levels.
Some potential mechanisms behind vitamins' impact on mood include:
An increased expression of vitamins receptors in areas of the brain known to play a role in mood regulation, including the limbic system, cerebellum, and cortex.
Modulation of the link between depression and inflammation.
Anti-inflammatory effects that may be neuroprotective and positively impact mood.
In one meta-analysis, researchers found that people who took supplemental vitamins had significant improvements in their depressive symptoms that were comparable to anti-depressant medication.
Notably, these results were only from high-quality trials, meaning the researchers excluded poorly designed studies with low methodological quality. When they analyzed low-quality studies, the results were either null or negative, emphasizing how poorly designed studies can affect supplementation trials—which may be why so many other trials do not find benefits.
Respiratory Health
Having adequate vitamins' levels is associated with a reduced risk of several respiratory illnesses, including tuberculosis, influenza, and upper respiratory tract infections.
In a meta-analysis analyzing data from almost 11,000 participants, people who took vitamins supplements had a 19% reduced risk of acute respiratory tract infections, with the most significant benefits in vitamins deficient people. One theory behind vitamins' link to respiratory health is that it increases the production of antimicrobial peptides, which fight against respiratory pathogens and help regulate local immune and inflammatory responses.
Heart Health
Vitamins may benefit cardiovascular health by suppressing foam cell formation. Foam cells are pro-inflammatory, cholesterol-containing macrophage cells that increase fatty deposits on blood vessel walls, contributing to heart disease.
Research has also shown that vitamins play a role in cholesterol and blood pressure regulation, glucose metabolism, and insulin sensitivity, all of which are important markers of heart health.
In a large study of over 41,000 adults, vitamins'deficiency were linked to an increased risk of coronary artery disease, heart failure, stroke, and heart attack. In addition, people with the lowest vitamins' levels were most likely to have other cardiometabolic-related conditions or symptoms, including a higher prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and peripheral vascular disease. Another study of over 21,000 older adults found that vitamins supplements (a monthly dose of 60,000 IUs for 5 years) slightly reduced the incidence of major cardiovascular events, particularly heart attacks.
Cognitive Function
Low vitamins' levels have also been associated with cognitive impairment and dementia.
The link between vitamins and cognition is similar to that between vitamins and mood. Vitamins reduce neuroinflammation and provides neuroprotective activity.
Research suggests that vitamins promotes the production of neurotrophic factors such as nerve growth factor (NGF), which, as the name suggests, regulates the growth and maintenance of neurons. While observational studies and meta-analyses have consistently shown lower vitamins' levels in people with Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of cognitive impairment, supplementation trials have produced mixed results.
Gut Health
With its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties, vitamins may support a healthy gut.
Vitamins increase the production of antimicrobial peptides and improves the innate immune response in the gut, which can help to reduce dysbiosis and support a healthy gut microbiome. It may also support gut integrity by strengthening the tight junctions in the epithelial lining of the gut, which is linked to reduced intestinal permeability. Plus, vitamins deficiency are associated with an increased risk of inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis) and improvements in symptoms related to IBD.
Kidney Health
Vitamins deficiency are linked to decreased kidney function, and people with chronic kidney disease have been shown to have altered vitamins metabolism.
This is because he kidneys convert the inactive form of vitamins into the active form, which can further decrease vitamins levels in people with chronic kidney disease.
Immune System Health
Vitamins play a role in both innate and adaptive immune responses.
Briefly, the innate immune system is the first line of defense against invading bacteria or pathogens. In contrast, the adaptive immune system is more specialized, targeting specific invaders and adapting to previous infections.
Vitamins facilitates innate immunity by enhancing the production of the molecule cathelicidin (one of those antimicrobial peptides mentioned previously) and defensive immune cells, as well as strengthening the physical barrier function of epithelial cells.
It also modulates the adaptive immune system by supporting the differentiation of naive T cells into immune-benefiting regulatory T cells and reducing the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
Because of these immunomodulatory effects, vitamins have been studied for its role in reducing the incidence of or controlling the symptoms of certain autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, psoriasis, and multiple sclerosis. Notably, an extensive study of almost 26,000 people found that vitamins supplements (2,000 IUs per day for five years) reduced the rate of developing any autoimmune disease by 22%.
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